The Indian River Basin Civilization, also known as the “Harapa Civilization”, is the oldest civilization discovered by India. However, can you imagine another civilization that existed before and known as “the oldest civilization in the world” before the Indian River Basin?
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If this mysterious civilization is compared with the Indian River Basin civilization, the history of the Halapa civilization can be traced back to around 3300 BC to 1300 BC, and its mature period is from 2600 BC to 1900 BC.
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However, do you know which civilization is older than the Indian River Basin? Is it the oldest civilization on the world timeline? Let’s reveal it!
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Which is the oldest civilization in the world?
The Mesopotamian civilization is the oldest civilization in the world. It exists between 4,000 and 3500 BC and is located between the two rivers of the Dagris and the Euctica River. This ancient civilization is famous for its advanced agricultural practice, developed text and complex urban planning.
Therefore, since we have already understood the oldest civilization in the world, let’s explore its little -known facts, details and rich cultural heritage.
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Mesopotamian civilization: the place where the earliest cities in the world are
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The oldest civilization in the world is widely considered to be Sumerian civilization. It appeared around 3500 BC in the area between Mesopotamia, especially between the Dagris and the Euphraphon River.
The region is equivalent to modern Iraq, which has made significant contributions to human development and is usually called “the cradle of civilization.”
The main characteristics of Sumerier civilization
- Urban development: The Sumerians have established some earliest cities, such as Uruk and Ur, which are characterized by advanced urban planning and architecture. These cities have commemorative buildings, including temples and golden gods as religious centers.
- Writing system: They have developed wedge -shaped text. This is one of the earliest writing systems that can record administrative, legal and literary text. This innovation is essential to manage complex society and promote trade and communication.
- Technological progress: The Sumerians have many inventions that laid the foundation for future civilization, including the progress of wheels, plows, and mathematics and astronomy. Their innovation has greatly affected agricultural and trade practice.
- Social structure: Sumerian society is layered, the ruling class is priests and kings, followed by craftsmen, farmers and workers. This social hierarchy was supported by the legal system, and later Babylon’s “Hammurabi Code” was an example.
- Cultural contribution: They have made significant progress in various fields such as literature (especially Gilgamesh Epic), religion (Wan Temple) and art (including complex pottery and sculptures), and have a lasting impact on later culture.
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What are the main achievements of Sumel civilization?
Sumel civilization is one of the earliest known civilizations, and has achieved important milestones, laying the foundation for future society. Here are some of their main achievements:
The main achievements of Sumerier civilization
1. Invention of text:
The Sumelns developed wedge -shaped text around 3200 BC, one of the earliest writing systems. This involves a wedge -shaped symbol engraved on the mud board for recording, literature and communication.
2. Urbanization and urban states:
They have established some earliest urban centers, such as Uruk and Ur. These cities have become complex urban states with advanced infrastructure, including temples (golden god towers), city walls and markets.
3. Mathematics and astronomy:
The Sumerians created a digital system with a base of 60, which divided the time into a circle of 60 minutes per hour and 360 degrees. They also made significant progress in astronomy and developed a calendar based on the moon cycle.
4. Agricultural innovation:
They created irrigation technology and changed the agriculture in the drought area of Mesopotamia. This makes crops excess output and supports population growth and urbanization.
5. Technological progress:
The Sumerians invented the wheels and completely changed transportation and trade. They also manufacture agriculture and construction tools, including sawing and plows.
6. Literature:
The Sumers created some of the earliest literary works, including the “Gilgamesh Epic”, which is considered to be one of the earliest great literary works in human history.
7. Legal system:
They established the earliest known laws and regulations and one of the administrative systems to effectively manage their cities. This includes property law and taxation.
8. Art and architecture:
Sumerian art includes complex pottery, sculpture and jewelry. In architecture, they are famous for building a golden god tower, which is a huge ladder structure that serves religious purposes.
9. Trade network:
The Sumerians and neighboring areas have conducted extensive trade, which has promoted cultural exchanges and economic prosperity.
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What are the significant differences between the Sumeier civilization and the Indian river basin civilization?
The Sumerian civilization and the Indian river basin civilization flourished at the same period (about 2500-1900 BC), showing significantly in various aspects such as geographical, social structure, economic practice, and urban planning.
1. Geographical environment
- Sumel Civilization: Sumel is located between the Dagris River and the Euphrates in the southern Iraq, which is characterized by the fertile land supporting extensive agriculture. The irrigation system in this region is essential for agriculture and trade.
- The Indian River Basin Civilization: It is located along the Indian River coast of Pakistan and northwestern India today. The civilization also benefits from the fertile Hongpan District. However, compared with Sumerier, its development environment is more remote. Its cities are usually built with advanced urban planning technology.
2. Urban planning and building
- Sumerian: It is known for its commemorative architecture, including the golden god tower (stepped pyramid). The city of Sumerian, such as Urk and Uruk, has large temples and palaces as the center of religion and political life.
- The Indian River Basin: Mohengzo Darlo and Halapa and other cities are famous for their complex urban planning. They are characterized by grid layout, advanced drainage system and standardized brick bricks. However, they lack large temples or palace buildings, which shows that their urban governance and religious customs are different.
3. Social structure
- Sumerians: Society is divided into different classes: nobles, civilians and slaves. The ruling class includes pastors and kings who have major power to the people.
- Indian River Basin: Evidence shows that society is more equal and class differences are not so obvious. Although there are some form of social hierarchy, it is not as strict as Sumel. The lack of immortal religious buildings means different social organizations.
4. Economic practice
- Sumerians: The economy is mainly based on agriculture, supplemented by goods such as textiles, grains and crafts. They developed wedge text to facilitate trade documents.
- Indian Valley: This civilization has a wide range of trade networks, exported cotton textiles and semi -gem. Their economy also depends on agriculture, but they are characterized by advanced water management systems to support agriculture and urban life.
5. Religious activities
- Sumerian: Divine belief is the core of Sumerian culture, and there are many gods representing natural forces. Their religion involves a complex ritual of a priest in a magnificent temple.
- The Indian River Basin: Although it is also a multi -religion, the religious customs of the people of the Indian River Basin are still unknown because they have not been decolved. There is almost no evidence of temples or priests, which shows that it has a different relationship with Spirituality compared to Sumer.
6. Legal framework
- Sumerian: “Hammurabi Code” is one of the earliest codes in the region. It formulates laws that jurisdiction over daily life, from property rights to family law.
- Indian Valley: There are almost no evidence of formal law; however, archeological discovery shows that this society may operate in accordance with social norms rather than text law.
Source: https://dinhtienhoang.edu.vn
Category: Optical Illusion